زهرا پیشگاهی فرد دانشیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه تهران author text article 2007 per When tensions inside a country are not developed throughout the country, and are continued in specific regions, a sense of regionalism, as opposed to nationalism, develops among the people of the region. This sense something leads to the strengthening of decentralization, and as a result damages national unity. In developed countries, where the sense of regionalism is in its lowest possible level, what threatens the governments are governmental holes in which organized crime, without fanaticism towards local identity, challenges the existence of the governments. These holes can be social, cultural, or economic. Major holes in Iran’s government are: drug trafficking and distribution, growth of illegality, spreading of crime and threats to the health of the society, illegal immigrations, political decision making centers which are against the government, and those who challenge the governmental structure. To tackle these holes, governments employ similar and sometimes unique policies. Iran’s government is no exception. Regarding political holes, governments are very sensitive and specify huge budgets to abolish them. Governments are less sensitive to recognize and abolish social holes’ since the existence of these holes are not considered as a threat to the governments and mainly people suffer from them. Economic holes are sometimes created by the governments, and sometimes abolished by the governments to keep their bases. Finally, cultural holes which sometimes lead to the continuation of the governments, are ignored by the governments and continue to exist. In this article, governments’ holes in general, and Iran’s government’s holes in particular are discussed. Key Words: Regionalism, Decentralization, Government’s holes, Local identity, Political holes, Social holes, Economic holes, cultural holes. موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17802_f778cb09009aecd3816fe86589f93a2b.pdf علی محمد خورشید دوست استادیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز author یوسف قویدل رحیمی کارشناس ارشد اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز author text article 2007 per In this research we have studied the roles and effects of ENSO atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon on seasonal rainfall fluctuations using multivariate ENSO index (MEI) in Eastern Azerbaijan Province. The results of applying Pearson analysis indicate positive correlation between MEI and precipitation in the stations under study, and among the seasons, the fall season has been showing significant correlation while in other seasons it was not the case. This is an indicative of the increase of autumn precipitation during the occurrence of El Ni?o (positive and warm phase in ENSO phenomenon), and on the contrary the precipitation reduction during the La Ni?a phase (cold and negative phase). Among the stations the maximum correlation of autumn precipitation with the MEI exists in Sarab Station and its minimum is in Tasooj Station. The calculated correlation coefficient rates between precipitation and MEI specify the effects of latitude on the amount of affectation from ENSO, implying that in Eastern Azerbaijan the correlation rates increase from east to the west and from north to south, the maximum of which can be seen in Sarab Station. Key Words: El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), El Ni?o, La Ni?a, Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), Variability of Season موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17803_32966a7e7d8100cf9ba1eb416d8d0794.pdf منیژه قهرودی استادیار دانشگاه تربیت معلم author text article 2007 per Nowadays, elevation models have come to provide a wide range of applications in various areas, thus serving as the basis for many research and developmental studies. As the objective of elevation models is the construction of the earth surface, and earth surface consists of reliefs, the construction of elevation models would not conform to the earth’s nature without taking consideration of geomorphological conditions. On the other hand, as the elevation variable includes integrity and continuity, its changes are subject to direction and distance. Therefore, selecting the method for earth crust construction model by means of classical statistical methods is inaccurate. As a result, taking consideration of topographical conditions, earth statistical methods in interpolation, and elevation models modification methods is necessary in constructing elevation models. KeyWord: DEM, DTM, DTD, DTED, Interpolation,TIN, Kriging, Spline, IDW, GIS, Variogram. Semivariogram. موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17804_da28932000e6ab93a43f4c43ec84a9b5.pdf مریم بیاتی خطیبی استادیار گروه پژوهش جغرافیا، دانشگاه تبریز author معصومه رجبی استادیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز author text article 2007 per The main rivers of the sahand Mt which drain water to two large basin ,flowing into deep valleys .Those valleys have analysed regarding the change of riverbeds and the type of channel profile and attention is focused on the concavity of the valley profiles on this basis ,we tried to determine the evolution of the Sahand,s valleys and thus estimate their long-term evolutionary tendencies.Regression analysis between relative distance and altitude was performed for the longitudinal profiles of 11 valleys in the Sahand mountain.Each profile can be expressed by one of exponential ,power ,logarithmic and linear functions.Most valley show a good fit to power functions.Dfferent function types show different curvature of the profiles.Valley fitted with exponentions have small curvature,those fitted with power functions have small curvature and those fitted with linear functions show almost straight lines.The valleys have grouped according to the mathematical models or function wich fits best: the exponential ,power ,logarithmic and linear functions.Finlly we tried to conclusion with traces in field. Keywords: Geomorphlogical evolution,longitudinal valley profiles ,regression analysis , mathematical function ,Sahand Mt. موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17805_3c0e7c8d6657d73c1d84f132ca79b5a7.pdf گلاله غفاری مربی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سنندج author کریم سلیمانی استادیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی ساری، دانشگاه مازندران author ابوالفضل مساعدی استادیار گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان author text article 2007 per Riverbank degradation is one of important problems, which is currently influencing the occupation around this area. Considerable part of fertile riverbanks are denudation under overland flow and flooding in Iran every year. Therefore, to overcome this problem and erosion control, it is necessary to have analyzing flow hydraulic behavior prediction and also erodiable bank erosion to planned their controls. However, in this research, Babolrood bank erosion has investigated where 5.5 Km of the channel selected. After mapping at 1:1000 scale using HEC-GeoRAS 103 cross-section have introduced from the mentioned distance which is capable to link whit HEC-RAS and ArcView. Finally Manning friction coefficient identified from each one in bed and flood plain of both left and right side. After flow identification geometric characteristics and Manning friction coefficient to HEC-RAS software, water surface profile calculated in different return period.For prediction of erodiabl and sedimentation area max. and min. rates of the channel bank shear stress for different return period identified and finally the erosional exposed area have cheked in the field Key words: Bank erosion, HEC-GeoRAS, Babolrood River موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17806_9e7afae903bd84d7604890f55fb7f7ee.pdf نصرا... پاینده استادیار دانشگاه امام حسین(ع) author غلامرضا زکی کارشناس ارشد ریاضیات کاربردی author text article 2007 per Standard Effective Temperature is the most comperahensive Thermal index that is ever presented. To find the standard Effective temparature in one particular place and in a special time, We usually use “The Standard Effective Temparature Chart” ; Plaaned by ASHRAE. It takes one minute to calculate one moment. When we want to use daily and hourly statistic os synoptic station for the periods of several Years, The above method is appicable because of the huge of data. Therfor , We planned Software by Delphi language and Applied Neural Networks. This calculating plan for all of the data With Diagramic Method need more 3000 Hours. However this software calculated all of Iranian data less than 45 minutes. To plan this Software, We utilized Excel, Access,Datafit and Matlab Software. It has 1540 lines of Program. Key words: Standard EFFective Temperature? ASHRAE? Ne ural Network Model? Iran’s Synoptic Stations? Salamat Software. موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17807_160b044776481f0d291e52e514a54cf9.pdf حلیمه خاتون هادی پور دانشجوی دکتری دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران author رحمت ا... فرهودی استادیار دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران author احمد پوراحمد دانشیار دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران author text article 2007 per Managing of metropolises like Tehran is one of the hardest affairs. Especially that nowadays urban management organizations increase their functions and duties. Municipalities present so many civil, cultural, social, … services for citizens , so, if we consider difference of urban life needs, we will see that the unique urban management is impossible. Urban division hierarchy is one of the tools that helps urban managers to divide their responsibilities in some small part of city. Since the urban divisions are much important for non central management, so it goes without saying that this divisions should be done according to the correct and logical standards and criteria. This research tries to find some efficient criteria to determine the boundaries of “regions“ as the second step of urban division hierarchy. Key words: region, urban Divisions mechanism, transportation network hierarchy, physical divisions موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17808_d560c9ab89f44dac9a94c534778e570c.pdf سعید جهانبخش دانشیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز author بهروز ساری صراف استادیار گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز author عباس حسینی دانشجوی دوره دکتری جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه تبریز author text article 2007 per In desiring and construction porcesses of airports and especially, in flight line orientation, the wind plays a major role, the landing and flying path are usually constructed alongside the dominant winds, such that the velocity of lateral winds on flight line would be no more that 13 knote, or 15 miles/ hour, and it should absorb 95 % of the winds including the calm winds. In this paper wind roses of 16 directions have been drawn using a 17 – year recorded data for Ardebil synoptic station (1984 – 2000) in 8 readings and the software used was WR. PLOT. the aim was to be acquainted with the dominant regional winds on main and succeeding hours. Drawing polar wind roses 16 orients using Autocad software followed this. The frequency percentages of winds blowing in all 16 directions with the inclusioin of 13 knots permitted lateral winds being perpendicular to the flight axis were then located on wind rose. Thereafter, the wind rose was divided by 360 degrees (each having 10 degrees of interval), various extensions of the flight and landing for different seasons were designed. It can be concluded from the study that Flight lines 5-23 and 6-24 could be absorbed 95% of the winds. The Flight lines 5-23 and 6-24 show 70 to 80 degrees rotation toward the right direction from the available flight line. Keywords: Climatology, Winds, Flight line, Ardebil Airport. موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17809_1a56a4e79c45a73e1089fff10dc76bf1.pdf ایرج جزیرئیان عضوهیت علمی دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی author علی اصغر آل شیبخ استادیار دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی author حسین هلالی دانشجوی دکترای GIS دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی author text article 2007 per موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17810_7acf9a1d475905ae5b93a3c8285df6b2.pdf محمد علی عبدلی استاد دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران author علی دریا بیگی زند عضو هیأت علمی پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی author text article 2007 per The environmental aspects of nuclear power generation in Iran were evaluated in this article. Rapid population growth and demand for the better standard of living in Iran leads to the considerable increase of electricity consumption in next decades. The electrical energy demand in 1430, will requires an installed capacity of around 120000 MW. In some countries, electrical energy is primarily provided from nuclear energy. Nuclear power generation emits virtually no greenhouse gases. Statistical calculations showed that 10 and 20 percent nuclear electricity generation in 1400 will reduce CO2 emissions from the energy sector of Iran, just in that year, by about 9.3 and 18.6 percent, respectively. External costs of electricity generation in Iran have been not evaluated. External costs of nuclear electricity generation were evaluated in this research. This study showed that nuclear technology is one of the safest and cheapest mean to generate electricity. In attempting to achieve sustainable development, potential of different energy technologies contributing to social risks and climate change ought to be considered. Nuclear electricity generation will play an important role in achieving sustainable development goals in Iran. Key words: Nuclear Electricity, CO2 emission, External Costs, Sustainable Development موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17811_144e65c059a8accfa4b732cefc617811.pdf رسول افضلی استادیار دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران author text article 2007 per In a nutshell, the geopolitical implications of the September 11th events have appeared in two totally opposite directions: first, highlighting of the theoretical and objective aspects of the category of 'boundary' from a geoeconomical point of view, and second diminishing of such dimensions from a geostrategic perspective. These two geopolitical aspects, which like a two-faced Janus have opened new areas of study for the scholars and researchers of the field of geopolitics and political geography have brought about significant repercussions in the Middle East region. Generally speaking, these paradoxical implications have emerged in five geopolitical, territorial, demographic-ethnic, military-security, political-governmental, and geoeconomical dimensions within the context of the Greater Middle East Initiative. This article mainly argues that geopolitical developments occurring in the region arises from the change in the outlook of the international system towards the Middle East and refers to the principal core of the new international system, that is the security of the international system. Keywords: Greater Middle East, September 11th Events, Geostrategic Implications, Globalization, Political Islam, موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17812_9b9eb5836df5ece0d2cc702f8d6dde9b.pdf محمد تقی رهنمایی دانشیار دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران author سید موسی پور موسوی دانشجوی دوره دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران author text article 2007 per موسسه جغرافیای - دانشکده جغرافیا 1026-6836 38 v. 57 no. 2007 https://jrg.ut.ac.ir/article_17813_9204408d1c6760d48bb10b46c9f2ec14.pdf